A step-by-step guide to filing a freight claim for damaged, lost, or short-shipped freight — including what documentation you need, critical deadlines, and how to maximize your chances of a successful claim.
A freight claim is a formal request for reimbursement submitted to a carrier when your LTL shipment arrives damaged, short (missing items), or doesn't arrive at all. Freight claims are governed by the Carmack Amendment — a federal law that establishes carrier liability and your rights as a shipper.
Carriers are legally liable for loss or damage to freight in their custody, but this liability isn't automatic — you have to file a proper claim within specific time limits, with the right documentation. Missing a deadline or failing to document damage correctly can result in a denied claim even when the carrier is clearly at fault.
Most important rule: Never sign a clean delivery receipt if you notice any damage or shortage. Write "damaged" or "short X pieces" on the delivery receipt before the driver leaves. This one step is the foundation of a successful claim — without it, carriers can deny liability entirely.
Damage you can see at the time of delivery — crushed boxes, broken pallets, wet freight, torn packaging. Must be noted on the delivery receipt immediately.
Damage not visible at delivery but discovered when unpacking. More difficult to claim — carriers are skeptical since they can't verify when the damage occurred. Must be reported within 5 days of delivery for most carriers.
When the delivered count is less than what was on the Bill of Lading. Note the specific quantity short on the delivery receipt at time of delivery.
Freight that never arrives at its destination. Usually discovered after the expected delivery date passes with no carrier notification. File a tracer with the carrier first, then a formal claim if freight can't be located.
Missing these deadlines is the number one reason freight claims are denied. The Carmack Amendment sets minimums, but carriers can impose shorter windows in their tariffs — always check your carrier's specific rules.
| Claim Type | Standard Deadline | Priority Level |
|---|---|---|
| Note damage on delivery receipt | At time of delivery — before driver leaves | CRITICAL |
| Report concealed damage | Within 5 days of delivery | Very Urgent |
| File formal written claim | Within 9 months of delivery date | Standard |
| File suit against carrier | Within 2 years of claim denial | Long-Term |
Pro tip: Don't wait 9 months to file. File your claim as soon as you've gathered documentation — ideally within 30 days. Carriers are more cooperative early, evidence is fresher, and you're less likely to run into administrative delays.
Before the driver leaves, inspect your freight. Note any damage, shortage, or discrepancy directly on the delivery receipt. Be specific — "damaged corner, box crushed" or "short 2 cartons" is better than "damaged." Take photos of everything — the pallet, packaging, and damaged items — before moving anything.
Do not discard any packaging, pallet, or damaged materials until your claim is resolved. Carriers have the right to inspect damaged freight, and disposing of evidence before inspection gives them grounds to deny the claim. Keep everything exactly as delivered if possible.
You'll need: original Bill of Lading, carrier's delivery receipt with damage noted, photos of damage, original commercial invoice showing item value, packing list, repair estimate or replacement cost quote, and any carrier inspection reports if an inspection was conducted.
File your claim in writing with the delivering carrier — not the broker. Most carriers have online claim portals. Include all documentation, your claim amount, and a clear description of what happened. Keep copies of everything you submit.
Carriers have 30 days to acknowledge receipt of your claim and 120 days to pay, deny, or make a settlement offer. Follow up if you don't hear back within 30 days. Keep a log of all communications — dates, names, and what was discussed.
If your claim is denied or the settlement offer is too low, you can request reconsideration with additional evidence, escalate to the carrier's claims supervisor, or — for larger amounts — consult a transportation attorney. Many denied claims are successfully overturned on appeal.
Book LTL freight through our platform with expert support if claims arise.
Packaging standard: Carriers can deny claims if they determine your freight wasn't packaged to industry standards. Use appropriate box ratings, void fill, and palletization. If in doubt, over-pack — the cost of proper packaging is always less than a denied claim.
Carrier liability is limited by law and by their tariff. Standard LTL carrier liability is typically $0.10–$25.00 per pound depending on the freight class and commodity, which may be far less than the actual value of your goods. For high-value shipments, purchase additional freight insurance or declare a higher released value on the BOL (which increases the rate but also the liability).
File your formal claim directly with the delivering carrier — that's who has legal liability. However, your freight broker can help facilitate the process, provide documentation, and advocate on your behalf. If you booked through our platform, contact Freight Sidekick's support team for assistance.
Yes — you're allowed to use or sell salvageable damaged goods, but document the salvage value and deduct it from your claim amount. You can only claim the net loss (original value minus salvage value). Keep records of what you received for salvaged items.
Request a formal written denial with specific reasons. You can file a formal complaint with the Surface Transportation Board, consult a transportation attorney, or — for smaller amounts — pursue a small claims court action. Many denied claims are reversed when shippers persist with properly documented appeals.
The best freight claim is one you never have to file. Book with top-rated carriers and get expert support on every shipment.
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